A Note on the Word “Zork”

Yes, It’s a Nonsense Word

The lowdown on Zork‘s name, inasmuch as a lowdown has been provided in print, was given by authors Dave Lebling, Marc Blank, and Tim Anderson in 1979 in the article “Zork: A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game,” Computer 12:4, 51-59 (April 1979):

The first version of Zork appeared in June 1977. Interestingly enough, it was never “announced” or “installed” for use, and the name was chosen because it was a widely used nonsense word, like “foobar.”

This is a clear explanation, but it raises the question of how this particular nonsense word came into wide use at MIT. It seems reasonable to pursue this question, and reasonable that there would be some discernable answer. After all, there’s a whole official document, RFC 3092, explaining the etymology of “foobar.” It could be interesting to know what sort of nonsense word “zork” is, since it’s quite a different thing, with very different resonances, to borrow a “nonsense” term from Edward Lear or Lewis Carroll as opposed to Hugo Ball or Tristan Tzara. “Zork,” of course, doesn’t seem to derive from either humorous English nonsense poetry or Dada; the possibilities for its origins are more complex.

Slouching from “Zorch”?

In the first part of “The History of Zork,” The New Zork Times 4:1 (Winter 1985), Tim Anderson adds to the earlier discussion and suggests a possible derivation for the word:

Zork, by the way, was never really named. “Zork” was a nonsense word floating around; it was usually a verb, as in “zork the fweep,” and may have been derived from “zorch.” (“Zorch” is another nonsense word implying total destruction.) We tended to name our programs with the word “zork” until they were ready to be installed on the system.

“Zorch” is listed in Peter R. Samson’s 1959 “TMRC Dictionary” – the dictionary of the Tech Model Railroad Club, an organization that was important in helping to begin and foster recreational computing. The term meant, at that time, “to attack with an inverse heat sink” – that is, to attack with a heat source – and is explained as “Another of David Sawyer’s sound effects, which I reinterpreted as a colorful variant of ‘scorch.'” It could also be imagined as a variant of “torch” – either way, the application of heat is suggested. This definition is consistent with the sense of “zorch” that Anderson gives, although a bit more specific. It is quite possible that “zork” does derive from “zorch,” as Anderson and others guess, but it is not clear why a word so derived would then be used as a placeholder program name. It’s also at least arguable that “zork” sounds less destructive than “zorch,” as the unintimidating back-formations “scork” and “tork” suggest. If that’s the case, why would a less intense term come to be used when the original term is more intense and very comical? While the “zorch” etymology might be right, it at least seems worthwhile to look to other possibilities.

Textbook Examples

“Zork” occurs occasionally, although rarely, as a proper name in various print sources in the decades leading up to 1977. Google Book Search reveals that some more nonsensical uses occur in some textbook examples in the 1970s. In Introduction to Experimental Psychology by Douglas W. Matheson, Richard Loren Bruce, and Kenneth L. Beauchamp (1970, 2nd. ed 1974) the meaningless “zork” model is introduced as a contrast to a medical model. “Zork” is also used as a fictional place name in Henry F. DeFrancesco’s 1975 Quantitative Analysis Methods for Substantive Analysts. There is some chance that the term was picked up from such a source. Zork explicitly pokes fun at the material nature of textbooks by including a “this space intentionally left blank” joke, which refers to a message sometimes printed on textbook’s blank pages to let readers know that they have not been left blank due to a printing error. Given this, it would be hard to rule out to possibility of the term “zork” coming from a textbook. Of course, the term could have appeared at MIT indirectly, in an example given in a lecture, on a problem set, or on a test, even if a book with the example in it was not assigned as a text. But there is nothing to strongly recommend this etymology, either. And while the former textbook example is clearly the more vivid, it is also much less likely to have been encountered by the Zork authors, [updated January 10] since they were involved with a computer science research group, Dynamic Modeling. MIT does not now have a department named psychology, but Course 9 (now Brain and Cognitive Sciences) was called Psychology from 1960-1985.

A Hastily Thrown-Together Bit of Zork, cover

There has been some speculation – specifically, in this mailing-list thread – that the term “zork” may come to MIT via John Brunner, whose poetry chapbook A Hastily Thrown-Together Bit of Zork was published in 1974. Although the sense of the word as it appears in the title is completely consistent with the MIT meaning of the term, it is not clear that this 24-page pamphlet, published by Square House Books in an edition of 200 (50 numbered and signed), had made it to MIT by the time Zork coalesced, beginning in 1977. Nevertheless, the idea of a science-fictional vector for the term is appealing.

How Brunner Happened upon “Zork”

A Hastily Thrown-Together Bit of Zork, page 2

On the unnumbered second page of A Hastily Thrown-Together Bit of Zork, Brunner notes that “the title resulted from Simon Joukes’s first encounter with a typewriter that didn’t speak Flemish.” According to this history of Dutch and Flemish fandom, Simon Joukes was active in Flemish fandom and was a part of the club Sfan, helping to publish Info-Sfan, which became SF Magazine.

A Belgian typewriter

Here is a Belgian typewriter, manufactured by Olivetti. (This blog post is the source for the image.) The letters are laid out just as they are on a French typewriter, in the AZERTY scheme. As you can see, if you’ve learned to type the word “WORK” on a typewriter like this, and someone then substitutes a British (or US) typewriter without your noticing, and you then try to type that word without looking at the keys, you’ll type “ZORK.” (Since the “W” and “Z” are switched in this layout, the same thing would happen to a British typist who uses to a Belgian typewriter without noticing how the keys are labeled.)

It’s particularly appealing that this etymology makes zork an altered form of, or an alternative to … work.

Another Science-Fiction “Zork”

Brunner’s use of “zork” in the title of his book was not the first appearance of the word in science fiction. The word made an appearance earlier in Lin Carter’s novel The Purloined Planet, published in 1969. It was used in the name of an important character … “Zork Arrgh.”

The Purloined Planet, page 109

It’s likely that Brunner at least glanced at the name of this key character. Lin Carter’s novel was published in a Belmont Double edition with “two complete science fiction novels.” The other was Brunner’s The Evil That Men Do.

The Purloined Planet, cover

While Simon Joukes may have typed out the word “Zork” and directly inspired Brunner’s 1974 title, the word may have rang out to Brunner as interesting and particulaly amusing because of Carter’s earlier use of it.

“Zork” and How She Is Spoke

There is some chance that people at MIT saw Brunner’s slim book of poems, but it seems far from certain. As of this writing, WorldCat lists only four university libraries in the United States that have this limited-edition book. MITSFS, the MIT Science Fiction Society, boasts the world’s largest open-stack library of science fiction and has 83 titles by Brunner in its catalog – but A Hastily Thrown-Together Bit of Zork is not among these. The Evil That Men Do / The Purloined Planet is in the collection, however.

Even when all of these additional leads are considered, it seems there is no strong conclusion to be drawn about the deeper etymology of the name of MIT’s, and Infocom’s, most famous text adventure. “Zork” might have been a corruption or further development of “zorch.” It may have entered the argot because of its use in an amusing curricular example, perhaps thanks to Quantitative Analysis Methods for Substantive Analysts or another textbook that hasn’t yet been ingested into Google Books. Or, science fiction may have been the vector for the word. If it was, though, it seems likely that it made its way into MIT speech not because of Brunner’s book of poems, but thanks to Zork Arrgh, a key character in 1969 novel by Lin Carter, one that was sitting on the shelves at MITSFS.

Perhaps more evidence will come to light, and the origins of the word “zork” as it was used at MIT in the late 1970s will become clear. Or, it may be that the origins of the word are lost forever – obliterated in a nook of a subculture’s linguistic history that has been irreversibly zorched.

26 Replies to “A Note on the Word “Zork””

  1. My father taught me to use “zork” as a swear word so as
    not to offend my mother when I was young – about ’84. I still occasionally say things are zorked up.

  2. I’m sure all my fellow Course 9 graduates will be shocked to discover that “MIT lacks a psychology department,” especially since during the time in question Course 9 was not yet known as Brain and Cognitive Sciences. (http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml)It might be interesting to examine whether the textbooks named appear on syllabi from the time (if those records exist).

  3. That’s true; it looks like that course was called Psychology up through 1985. And, students can currently concentrate or minor in psychology in MIT, so in any case, I shouldn’t have suggested that there are no relevant subjects now or previously available that might have used a text like this. I’ve updated the article.

    The course 9 website explains that to do such as concentration,

    Courses are drawn from the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and programs in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The subject material in these courses touches upon most of the topics that might be found in a ‘”traditional” Psychology department.

    This current official statement from Course 9 seems to me to declare that there’s currently no psychology department, per se, at MIT. It at least says that there isn’t a “traditional” one.

  4. One small footnote. In the first citation given here, you include this quote: “…the name was chosen because it was a widely used nonsense word, like “foobar.”

    Actually, the correct spelling is “fubar,” and it’s not a nonsense word at all, it’s a very widely used (WW2 era) acronym used in the military to describe especially bad battlefield casualties. It stands for “[Fouled] Up Beyond All Recognition” (although of course the word is not “fouled”). It’s a cousin of the more widely known “snafu” (Situation Normal, All [Fouled] Up”)

  5. Nick,

    It is my recollection that either Marc Blank (most likely) or Bruce Daniels first created the executable with the funny name “zork.” While “foo” and “bar” were very common nonsense words often used for experimental or temporary efforts, Zork was the first usage of “zork” that I recall.

    More commonly used nonsense words were the aforementioned “foo” and “bar,” and also “bletch,” “gritch,” “grotch,” “mumble,” and “frotz.” You may notice that “frotz” eventually made it into the game as a magic spell.

    Of your various possible explanations, “zorch” to “zork” seems most likely to me. I was and am the most into SF of the original authors and I had never seen either Brunner’s or Carter’s usages. It is remotely possible Marc had seen the Psych usage, but I doubt it.

    It was fundamentally wordplay.

    — Dave

  6. This may be weird coincidence, but the version of the Adventure source code in Mary Ann Buckles’s thesis on Adventure ends with the line “glorkz4.182/05/11”. I can’t find an explanation of “glorkz”–Google hits seem to show it mostly used as a nonsense variable name–but it’s curious that it has all the letters of Zork in a fairly similar order…

  7. Simon Joukes passed away 06 october 2010. 71 years old.
    He also exchanged letter with J R R TOLKIEN in 1967.

  8. I confess to being the one who named the game “Zork”; as has been mentioned elsewhere, the term was used as an exclamation during my days at MIT LCS, and it seemed as good as anything else for a name – at least until a better one was found. I’m still waiting.

  9. Thanks for the comment, Marc – and I’m glad we had space intentionally left blank for it.

    I certainly doubt a better name will ever be found, but if one ever is, I bet it will happen before we figure out where the word “zork” originally came from.

  10. It’s worth noting that the first print appearance of the word “Zork” appears in 1935.

    https://forums.atariage.com/topic/353988-possible-origin-of-the-word-zork-lil-abner-april-21-1935/

    “In his April 21, 1935 Sunday Li’l Abner comic, Al Cap runs a second spin off story alongside the Abner tale. This side story features a character names Washable Jones who is off on a series of weird dream adventures. On this day, though, Washable runs into ZORK – some sort of huge, man-eating monster thing that lives in dungeon. “
    Li’l Abner introduced a LOT of pop culture references… I can see a nonsense word lingering through the 40s-50s, and being carried over as slang later. I can’t prove it, mind you, but…

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